Astro Blog

By Sara Hashemi , Smithsonian Magazine.  Excerpt: On July 5, a Japanese spacecraft flew past an odd-looking asteroid named Torifune. The probe snapped photos, which it beamed to Earth, revealing that the object is actually made of two space rocks that are stuck together—something called a “contact binary.” ...The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) spacecraft that captured the data, Hayabusa2 , snapped a particularly show-stopping close-up from just over half a mile from Torifune’s surface, according to a statement ....  Full article at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-images-reveal-that-this-asteroid-is-actually-two-conjoined-space-rocks-that-form-a-peanut-shaped-object-called-a-contact-binary-180989090/ .  See also The New York Times article, Cosmic Conjoined Twins, Caught on Camera .  

By Paul Voosen , Science.  Excerpt: After years on life support, NASA’s plan to collect martian rocks and ferry them back to Earth has died. Yesterday, Congress  released  a  compromise spending bill  for the present financial year that backs the White House’s effort to kill the Mars Sample Return (MSR) program. Although the bill must be passed by both congressional chambers and signed into law, it effectively signals the end of MSR....  Full article at https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-s-mars-sample-return-mission-dead . 

By Hannah Richter , Science.  Excerpt: In the late 2000s, planetary scientists scoured data gathered by NASA’s Cassini mission, a Saturn orbiter, about the planet’s mysterious icy moon Titan. Their exciting conclusion: The frozen world harbored an ocean sloshing around tens of kilometers beneath a thick ice shell. The ocean, hundreds of kilometers deep itself, might even be a cauldron for the “prebiotic” organic chemistry that led to life on Earth, they proposed. Now, nearly 2 decades later, researchers think they may have gotten the story all wrong. Research  presented today  here at the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting and  published in  Nature  claims that although Titan may have once harbored a liquid ocean, today it is frozen, except for smaller melted zones deep beneath the surface. If true, the discovery will upend the long-standing assumption that Saturn’s biggest moon is a water world, like other moons in the outer Solar System,  in...

By Kimberly M. S. Cartier , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: The solar system’s oddball planet has some pretty odd moons, too. The first infrared spectra of Uranus’s small inner moons, which will be  presented  on 18 December at the 2025 AGU Annual Meeting in New Orleans, have shown that their surfaces are much redder, much darker, and more water-poor than the larger moons orbiting far from the planet. ...The new observations also revealed that some moons were not quite where they should have been, highlighting how much more astronomers have to learn about the dynamics of the Uranian system. ...In 1986, Voyager 2 flew past  Uranus  in humanity’s only visit to the system. ...astronomers knew only of the planet’s five major moons and a handful of rings. Voyager 2 discovered 11 more moons and was able to roughly measure their sizes. Since then, scientists have used ground- and space-based telescopes to discover more than a dozen additional satellites, bringing Uranus’s moon tota...

By Robert Sanders , UC Berkeley News.  Excerpt: UPDATE 11/13/25 : After two launch delays because of weather and a solar storm, New Glenn launched from Cape Canaveral at 3:55 p.m. EST Thursday, Nov. 13. The twin satellites successfully separated from the rocket about 33 minutes after launch, and the rocket booster made a pinpoint landing on an ocean barge about 375 miles offshore — a first for New Glenn. For more updates, check  NASA’s ESCAPADE blog . ...Takeaways: (1) NASA’s ESCAPADE is the first UC Berkeley-led planetary mission. Its two identical satellites will provide an unprecedented stereo view of Mars’ magnetosphere; (2) Mapping the ionosphere and space environment are key to understanding Mars’ evolution and safeguarding astronaut communication and survival on the planet; (3) ESCAPADE will pioneer a new trajectory to Mars that will be needed for future human settlement when we send fleets of spacecraft to the planet....  Full article at https://news.berkeley.edu/...

By Sarah Stanley , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: Trapped in a gravitational push and pull between Jupiter and other Jovian moons, Io is constantly being  stretched and compressed . Heat generated by these contortions has melted  pockets  of the moon’s interior so much that Io is our solar system’s most volcanically active body. The  James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)  recently opened up new opportunities to get to know Io. Using data from its Near Infrared Spectrograph—which sees wavelengths corresponding to  different compositions and temperatures — de Pater et al.  have made new discoveries about Io’s volcanoes and atmosphere. The researchers first looked at Io  in November 2022  and found an extremely energetic volcanic eruption in the vicinity of the lava flow field Kanehekili Fluctus. These observations revealed, for the first time, that some volcanoes on Io emit an excited form of sulfur monoxide gas, confirming the team’s 2-decade-old hypoth...

By Kimberly M. S. Cartier , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: On 1 July 2025, astronomers detected a visitor from the deep reaches of space. At the time of discovery, the object was just inside Jupiter’s orbit and was zipping across our solar system 4 times faster than the New Horizons probe sped past Pluto. It was first spotted by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System ( ATLAS ) in Chile, which was specifically designed to spot small, fast-moving objects like this. ATLAS sent out a public,  automated alert , and when astronomers saw it, they quickly went to work calculating the object’s orbit and trajectory....  Full article at https://eos.org/features/how-an-interstellar-interloper-spurred-astronomers-into-action .

By Heather Cox Richardson.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xh9-t8xqviM .

By Dennis Normile , Science.  Excerpt: Following its successes retrieving lunar samples from both the near and far sides of the Moon, China is planning an encore, sending a probe to snatch material from a near-Earth asteroid. The target of the Tianwen-2 mission, which is expected to launch by the end of the month, is a chunk of rock named 469219 Kamo‘oalewa. It is one of just seven asteroids that fall into a little-understood class known as quasi-satellites of Earth—and it could also be the first known asteroid comprised of lunar material. That hypothesis could be confirmed by laboratory studies of fragments collected by Tianwen-2, which are due to be returned to Earth about 2.5 years after launch. ...Kamo‘oalewa was discovered in 2016 by the Pan-STARRS 1 asteroid survey telescope on Haleakalā in Hawaii. It ... has been in its current orbit for about 100 years  and will likely remain there for another 300.... University of Arizona planetary scientist Benjamin Sharkey and colle...

By Robin George Andrews , The New York Times.  Excerpt: The vermilion, amethyst and jade ribbons of the northern and southern lights are some of Earth’s most distinctive features. But our planet doesn’t have a monopoly on auroras. Scientists have spied them throughout the solar system, ... Mars , Saturn,  Jupiter  ...some of Jupiter’s  fiery and icy moons ... Uranus , too. But auroras around our sun’s most distant planet, Neptune, have long eluded astronomers. That has changed with the powerful infrared instruments aboard the James Webb Space Telescope. In a study published on Wednesday in the journal  Nature Astronomy , scientists reveal unique auroras that spill over either side of Neptune’s equator, a contrast with the glowing gossamer seen arcing over other worlds’ poles..  Full article at https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/26/science/neptune-aurora-nasa-webb-telescope.html . 

By MARCIA DUNN, Associated Press.  Excerpt: A  private lunar lander  carrying a drill, vacuum and other experiments for NASA touched down on the moon Sunday, the latest in a  string of companies  looking to kickstart business on Earth’s celestial neighbor ahead of  astronaut missions . Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lander descended from lunar orbit on autopilot, aiming for the slopes of an ancient volcanic dome in an impact basin on the moon’s northeastern edge of the near side. ...An upright and stable landing makes Firefly — a startup founded a decade ago — the first private outfit to put a spacecraft on the moon  without crashing or falling over . Even  countries have faltered , with only five claiming success: Russia, the U.S., China, India and Japan. ...the lander carried 10 experiments to the moon for NASA. The space agency paid $101 million for the delivery, plus $44 million for the science and tech on board. It’s the third mission under N...

By Sarah Stanley , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: A closer look at previously disregarded observations reveals stronger evidence that a deep ocean lies beneath Callisto’s icy surface. ... Cochrane et al.  have revisited the Galileo data in more detail. Unlike in prior studies, this team incorporated all available magnetic measurements from Galileo’s eight close flybys of Callisto. Their expanded analysis much more strongly suggests that Callisto hosts a subsurface ocean....  Full article at https://eos.org/research-spotlights/jupiters-moon-callisto-is-very-likely-an-ocean-world . 

By Daniel P. Glavin et al, Nature Astronomy.  Abstract Excerpt: Organic matter in meteorites reveals clues about early Solar System chemistry and the origin of molecules important to life.... Samples returned from the B-type asteroid Bennu by the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer mission ...show that Bennu samples are volatile rich, with more carbon, nitrogen and ammonia than samples from asteroid Ryugu and most meteorites. ...Bennu’s parent asteroid developed in or accreted ices from a reservoir in the outer Solar System where ammonia ice was stable. ...The transport and delivery of organic compounds from these bodies could have been a source of molecules available for the emergence of life on Earth and potentially elsewhere....  Full article at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02472-9 .  See also Nature article An evaporite sequence from ancient brine recorded in Bennu samples [Brines ...are environment...

By Jonathan O’Callaghan , The New York Times.  Excerpt: We might finally understand what’s going on inside Uranus and Neptune, and the answer is pretty surprising: They may each contain an ocean of water. ...The idea about the two ice giant planets — so-called because of the freezing conditions in which they formed — was put forward by Burkhard Militzer, a planetary scientist from the University of California, Berkeley, and was  published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . It could explain the strange magnetic fields of both worlds, which are unlike any other in the solar system....  Full article at https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/science/uranus-neptune-oceans.html .  See also UC Berkeley News A clue to what lies beneath the bland surfaces of Uranus and Neptune , By Robert Sanders. 

By Zexian Cui et al, Science.  Summary: Between 1969 and 1976, the Apollo and Luna missions collected samples from the ...near side of the Moon—the one that always faces Earth. Observations from lunar orbit have shown that the far side has very different geology from the near side, for unknown reasons. ...In June 2024, the Chang’e-6 spacecraft landed within an impact basin on the far side of the Moon, collected samples, then brought them back to Earth. In a new Science paper , researchers present early results from analyses of a Chang’e-6 sample, which contains volcanic basalt...the volcanic eruption occurred 2.8 billion years ago....  Paper at https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1093 . 

By Kimberly M. S. Cartier , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: Europa Clipper launched at 12:06 pm EDT on 14 October from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Clipper successfully deployed its solar panels and communicated with mission control once in space. ...NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft...will head to Jupiter’s icy moon Europa and determine whether it’s a hospitable place for life. ...There will be 49 flybys of Europa to study the moon from pole to pole ...The craft is set to  arrive  at Jupiter in April 2030. ...Europa is one of Jupiter’s four Galilean moons. Past missions to the Jovian system discovered that Europa, along with fellow icy moons Ganymede and Callisto, have vast liquid water oceans sloshing around beneath icy shells. “ Ocean worlds  have been considered potentially habitable environments for a while,” said  Monica Vidaurri , a doctoral student in planetary modeling at Stanford University in California. “This is the first time we’re really dedicating a...

By Dennis Normile , Science.  Excerpt: The BepiColombo mission is now scheduled to arrive at the tiny and little-studied planet in November 2026, 11 months behind schedule. The European Space Agency (ESA), which developed the $1.8 billion BepiColombo in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), said in a 2 September statement that the  mission's scientific objectives will not be affected  by the delay. Meanwhile, the revised trajectory has the craft passing 165 kilometers from Mercury's surface on 4 September during a gravity assist flyby. The encounter, 35 kilometers closer than originally planned, provides an opportunity to test instruments and study the interaction between the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field. Scientists are planning to make the most of the flyby, starting up 10 of the mission's 16 instruments. ...Launched in October 2018,  BepiColombo is carrying two probes , ESA's Mercury Planetary Orbiter, with 11 instruments, ...

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/04/science/moon-landing-sideways-gravity.html By Kenneth Chang , The New York Times.  Excerpt: When the robotic lander  Odysseus last month became the first American-built spacecraft to touch down on the moon  in more than 50 years, it toppled over at an angle. ...Just a month earlier, another spacecraft, the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM, sent by the Japanese space agency, had also tipped during landing,  ending up on its head . ...people pointed to the height of the Odysseus lander — 14 feet from the bottom of the landing feet to the solar arrays at the top — as a contributing factor for its off-kilter touchdown. ...Philip Metzger, a former NASA engineer who is now a planetary scientist at the University of Central Florida, explained  the math and the physics  of why it is more difficult to remain standing on the moon. ...“The side motion that can tip a lander of that size is only a few meters per second...

https://engineering.berkeley.edu/news/2024/01/small-solar-sails-could-be-the-next-giant-leap-for-interplanetary-space-exploration By Marni Ellery, Berkeley Engineering.  Interview excerpt: ...a team of Berkeley researchers [...proposed] to build a fleet of low-cost, autonomous spacecraft, each weighing only 10 grams and propelled by nothing more than the pressure of solar radiation. These miniaturized solar sails could potentially visit thousands of near-Earth asteroids and comets, capturing high-resolution images and collecting samples. ...They describe their work, the Berkeley Low-cost Interplanetary Solar Sail (BLISS) project, in a  study published  in the journal Acta Astronautica. The BLISS project brings together researchers from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, as well as the  Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center  and the  Space Sciences Laboratory . Their work builds on other...

https://eos.org/articles/mapping-the-moon-to-shield-astronauts-from-radiation By Sierra Bouchér , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: In October 1989, the Sun spit a blast of high-energy particles into the solar system. Earth’s protective magnetic field kept us safe, but the Moon received an intense dose: More than 8 times the radiation received by plant workers during the Chernobyl nuclear disaster scorched the barren lunar surface. As NASA’s Artemis III mission prepares to return explorers to the Moon in 2025, scientists are working to protect them from this kind of unpredictable outburst from the Sun and other radiation from deep space. To do this, they’re turning to the Moon’s natural barriers. By mapping the topography of the lunar surface, researchers have calculated the shielding potential of each mountain range, crater wall, and shadowed slope near the south pole—Artemis III’s target. Their work will guide decisionmaking for the landing location of this mission and beyond....