4 minute video about Apollo 11 Moon Landing

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By Heather Cox Richardson. 

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How an Ocean-Sized Lake May Have Formed on Ancient Mars

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By Saima May Sidik , Eos/AGU.  Excerpt: Geological evidence on Mars indicates that 3.6 billion years ago, an intense pulse of water carved rivers and lakes across the planet, an abrupt shift from the preceding 500-million-year era of much gentler fluvial activity. Researchers have long  puzzled over  the cause. A new study by  Buhler  shows, paradoxically, that the collapse of the Martian atmosphere and entry into a  colder  climate may have melted the polar ice cap and triggered global-scale flooding. ...In total, about 4% to 40% of the water ice could have melted, an amount of water equivalent to between 20% and 200% of the  water currently found near the surface on Mars ....  Full article at https://eos.org/research-spotlights/how-an-ocean-sized-lake-may-have-formed-on-ancient-mars . 
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Young double-star system discovered near our Galaxy’s giant black hole

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By Daniel Clery , Science.  Excerpt: Astronomers studying the murky center of our Milky Way Galaxy have discovered something they never expected:  a pair of young stars orbiting each other near the supermassive black hole that is our Galaxy’s dark heart . The observation—reported today in Nature Communications—comes as a surprise because astrophysicists had thought the black hole’s intense gravity would either rip the stars in such a pair apart or squash them together. But the new object, dubbed D9, shows that such a “binary” can survive, at least briefly, near the black hole, and it could help explain other mysterious objects in the vicinity. ...For many years, two teams, in California and Germany, monitored the  closest of those stars . About 20 years ago, both proved the star’s eccentric, high-speed orbit could only arise if it was circling a compact object with extreme mass—a black hole. For that work, the teams’ leaders, Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institu...
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Vast Oceans of Water May Be Hiding Within Uranus and Neptune

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By Jonathan O’Callaghan , The New York Times.  Excerpt: We might finally understand what’s going on inside Uranus and Neptune, and the answer is pretty surprising: They may each contain an ocean of water. ...The idea about the two ice giant planets — so-called because of the freezing conditions in which they formed — was put forward by Burkhard Militzer, a planetary scientist from the University of California, Berkeley, and was  published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . It could explain the strange magnetic fields of both worlds, which are unlike any other in the solar system....  Full article at https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/25/science/uranus-neptune-oceans.html .  See also UC Berkeley News A clue to what lies beneath the bland surfaces of Uranus and Neptune , By Robert Sanders. 
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